[1] Complications of the procedure may include anastomotic leak or dehiscence, hernias, or adhesions causing partial or complete bowel obstruction.

Depending on which part and how much of the intestines are removed, there may be digestive and metabolic challenges afterward, such as short bowel syndrome.

It may also be done laparoscopically or robotically by creating several small incisions in the abdomen through which surgical instruments are inserted.

Following this the hole in the mesentery created by removing the section of bowel is closed with sutures to prevent internal herniation.

[7] Small bowel cancer often presents late in the course due to non-specific symptoms and has poor survival rates.

Risk factors for small bowel cancer include genetically inherited polyposis syndromes, age over sixty years, and history of Crohn's or Celiac disease.

Cases that present before stage IV show survival benefit from surgical resection with clear margins.

When evaluation determines cancer to be stage IV, surgical intervention is no longer curative, and is only used for symptom relief.

[9] Surgical resection of tumors for staging and for curative purposes requires removal of local blood vessel and lymph nodes.

[11] Diet high in processed food and sugary drinks has also been shown to increase recurrence of stage III colon cancer.

Bowel perforation presents with abdominal pain, free air in the abdomen on standing X-ray, and sepsis.

Perforation before the tumor usually requires immediate surgery due to release of fecal material into the abdomen and infection.

Bowel resection or repair is typically initiated earlier in patients with signs of infection, the elderly, immunocompromised, and those with severe comorbidities.

Peptic ulcer disease is caused by stomach acid overwhelming the protection of mucus production.

The standard treatment is medical management, endoscopy followed by surgical omental patch repair.

Initial evaluation in trauma includes a FAST ultrasound exam followed by contrast CT abdomen in stable patients.

[19] An anastomotic leak is a fault in the surgical connection between the two remaining sections of bowel after a resection is performed.

Risk factors for poor healing of anastomosis include obesity, diabetes mellitus, and smoking.

[22] Smaller closure stitches and the use of mesh when closing open surgeries may decrease the risk of hernia occurrence.

When possible this is managed without surgery with IV fluids, and NG tube to drain the stomach and intestines, and bowel rest (not eating) until the obstruction resolves.

Laparoscopic adhesiolysis is the most common surgery used when bowel rest and medical management fail to resolve the obstruction.

If the distal ileum is resected it commonly causes a mild form of short bowel syndrome with deficiency of only vitamin B12.

Other complications of short bowel syndrome are chronic diarrhea or high output from the ostomy site, intestinal failure associated liver disease, and electrolyte level abnormalities.