It was organized by the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of 10 January 1932 on the basis of the Buryat-Mongolian branch of the Irkutsk State Pedagogical Institute.
The composition of the institute included four departments: physics and mathematics, science, literary and linguistic, and socio-economic.
In autumn 1932, the institute opened pedrabfak (faculty for workers) with a four-year period of study for training, and admission to college for boys and girls with seven- and nine-year school education.
More than 95% of the teachers of Buryatia, and many educators in Agin and Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrugs, Irkutsk and Chita regions are graduates of the institute.
The university organises annual Lake Baikal summer camps for foreign students and teachers.
BSU students study in partner universities in China, Mongolia, South Korea, Japan, Turkey, Switzerland, Austria, Poland, and Germany.