Caipira dialect

Ongoing research points to several influences, such as Galician-Portuguese, represented in some archaic aspects of the dialect, and the língua geral paulista, a Tupian Portuguese-like creole codified by the Jesuits.

In the 1920s, the scholar Amadeu Amaral published a grammar and predicted the imminent death of the Caipira dialect, caused by urbanization and the coming wave of mass immigration resulting from the monoculture of coffee.

[4] However, the dialect survived in rural subculture, with music, folk stories (causos), and a substratum in city-dwellers' speech, recorded by folklorists and linguists, although some Caipira variants were already heard by the 1790s to 1890s.

Linguistic bias or preconceito linguistico is a theme that gained relevancy in the discussion of Brazilian Portuguese by Brazilian linguists, perhaps because of the work "Preconceito linguístico: o que é, como se faz" by Marcos Bagno, the same author describes it as a subtype of social bias since according to him, it attacks the people speaking in a specific manner and not the manner itself, Aldo Bizzocchi, linguist who owns the blog Diário de um linguista (Diary of a linguist) and the YouTube channel Planetalingua (Planet-suffix associated with languages, "The world of languages"), that perceives any sort of bias towards ethic, LGBT, gender identities and biological sexes while understanding it as resource that has the capacity of save lives, as the byproduct of ignorancy[7][8] says that this discrimination based on dialectal variation can be seen even in some seemingly innocent scenarios like in Brazilian comedy where Caipiras but also Nordestinos (Northeastener (in Brazil)), which are also people with "weird accents" (Nordestino dialect) are always comedic entities[9] Representation of this level of prestige of Caipira can be seen in Chico Bento, some characters sometimes show some unacceptability towards the manner of speech of the main character, Chico Bento and his father, the achademic paper that is titled Uma analise sociolinguística da linguagem de Chico Bento em alguns quadrinhos de gibi (A sociolinguistic analysis on the speech of Chico Bento in some scenes found in comic books) by Norte Cientifico sees it as a recurrent theme in the series, the abstraction that the way he speaks fits into is usually understood to be "wrong" by institutions like schools and media such as TV, Ads, Books,[10] possibly because linguistics is a less known science.

The merger of /ʎ/ into the semivowel [j], as in the Northeast dialect Nordestino although unlike it this can't happen for its nasal equivalent and similar to, but not exactly like yeísmo ([/ʎ/] → [ʝ]) is a feature of caipira, some may not merge /ʎ/ into [j][original research?]

[5] Certain vowels start to glide to a [j] sound before coda as in other dialects (this merges mas and mais, that difference may be confusing for someone that's why there's a significant amount of material explaining the differences between the two[14]),[15] this may be analyzed as adding a [j], this pronunciation, there are identified cases where this sort of shift happens before in Caipira as in some idiolects of Paulistano,[16] that is the dialect spoken casually in the urban regions of the southeast,[5] this sort of realization was historically registered typically only in other vernaculars but that doesn't mean it doesn't occur in more educated speakers, those that know the standard but may do this in familiar, colloquial or informal registers of language[5][17] It frequently happens with \r\ (Example: [pro] → [po]) in specific situations, those aren't the same as what may happen in dialects like Paulistano where final rhotics in infinitives of verbs may get removed, elision sometimes described, more informally in Portuguese as "comendo" (that usually passes the idea of consuming food) [18] but also with vowels (Example: the first in and get deleted), there are reported cases of this happening in the 1840s and a vowel before may not get realized[5] There's the usage of a vowel to break unfrequent consonant clusters[5] as in some dialects,[19] Caipira usually uses [e], but there are dialects that use a sound more like [i][20] (advogado → adevogado) but there are cases of rhotic epenthesis (debuta → debruta), sometimes it also happens because of hypercorrection, (inclusive → inclusivel), epenthesis also occurs more broadly in Brazilian Portuguese when borrowing a word in certain contexts.

Even as early as the 1808 there were phenoma like devoicing ([bt] → [pt])[5] Unstressed \ow\, \aj\, \ej\, \õw\ and \ẽj\ may lose their semi-vowel,[5] but monothongization is in no way limited to Caipira Portuguese and can be observed in other varieties (that includes Portuguese varieties[23]), the [ow] → [o], which results in the short version of the temporal copula being \to\ ( or ) and not \tow\, the broad range of how much of Portugal is affected by this shift is from half to 2/3 of Portugal,[5][24] others like \ej\ → [e] and \aj\ → [a] also affect other regions.

The words used are extremely similar to that of other venecular varieties in Brazil (ex: almost always not being used,[32] shifting in meaning and some combinations like becoming grammatalized[33]) but there are some expressions that are typically caipira, some of those are:[34] There is no standard orthography, and Brazilians are taught only the standard variant when learning Portuguese in schools (among the reasons why the dialect was often thought of as endangered in the course of socio-economic development of the country).