[3] Calcium concentration microdomains can be visualised with fluorescence microscopy by using aequorin as a reporter protein.
Since it opposes the normal flow of ions during an action potential, energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is used.
Calcium is also regulated using this Na-K-ATPase due to the enzyme's interactions with protein and non-protein molecules.
NCX works together with Na-K-ATPase to create calcium concentration microdomains in certain cells like astrocytes discussed above.
Specific forms of Na-K-ATPase, the α2 or α3 isoforms, actually interact with the NCX in the formation of the calcium microdomains in astrocytes.