Carlo von Erlanger (5 September 1872 – 4 September 1904) was a German ornithologist and explorer born in Ingelheim am Rhein.

He was a cousin to musicologist Rodolphe d'Erlanger, and a member of the Erlanger family.

[1] On his return to Europe he continued his studies at Cambridge and Berlin.

In 1900 and 1901, with Oscar Rudolph Neumann, he went to East Africa (what is now Ethiopia and Somalia) and investigated and collected many thousands of insect and avian specimens.

[1] Erlanger died in an automobile accident in Salzburg on 4 September 1904, one day shy of his 32nd birthday.