Caroline Matilda Dodson (December 17, 1845 – January 9, 1898) was an American physician and a founding member of the National Woman's Health Association of America.

About six weeks after marriage, they left Pennsylvania for the American West and settled in Van Buren County, Iowa.

[2] Dodson was educated at home under private teachers and at the district school supplemented the early lessons from her mother.

Dodson worked as a teacher from the winter of 1861 until the fall of 1871, when she matriculated at the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, and entered upon the three-year course just inaugurated.

She earned her diploma in March, 1874, and went to Ypsilanti, Michigan, for further study with Dr. Ruth A. Gerry, one of the first women to practice medicine.

For a time, she depended upon US$5 per week to meet the living expenses of three in her family, but offers came, and among them, unsolicited, one from the Philadelphia Society for Organizing Charity to act as superintendent of one of its districts.

[3] In 1888, at the 19th annual convention of the Pennsylvania Woman's Suffrage Association, Dodson's missionary work was noted in laudatory terms.