Castleton-on-Hudson is a village located in the southwestern part of the town of Schodack in Rensselaer County, New York, United States.

As of 2019, Castleton-On-Hudson was recognized as a Tree City USA by the Arbor Day Foundation.

Another theory for the derivation of the name "Castleton" comes from Rutherford Hayner's Troy and Rensselaer County New York: A History (1925).

Hayner states "Although the exact location of this landing of Hudson's has been more or less conjectural, the weight of opinion places it at or near the present site of the village of Castleton, for on Castle Hill, back of the village, stood the dwelling of the chief of the Mohicans.

When the small village was incorporated into Rensselaer County on April 13, 1827, there were about 100 people living in the area, mostly along the banks of the river.

However, a large flood destroyed much of the business district in 1936, and the industry took the opportunity to relocate.

[5] According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.8 square miles (2.1 km2), all land.