Cell engineering

For example, researchers were able to overexpress transporter genes in hamster ovary cells to increase monoclonal antibody yield.

For example, scientists have used foreign enzymes to engineer a common industrial yeast strain which allows the cells to grow on substrate cheaper than the traditional glucose.

One of the most notable examples of this subset of cellular engineering is the transformation of E. Coli to transcript and translate a precursor to insulin which drastically reduced the cost of production.

[9] Similar research was conducted shortly after in 1979 in which E. Coli was transformed to express human growth hormone for use in treatment of pituitary dwarfism.

[4] For example, in 1988 one group of researchers from the Illinois Institute of Technology successfully expressed a Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene in E. Coli to create a strain that was more tolerant to low-oxygen conditions such as those found in high density industrial bioreactors.

The first use of the term in a biological context was in 1971 in a paper which describes methods to graft reproductive caps between algae cells.