Designed as a general hospital, a strategic final-level care provider, and a special-grade national hospital, it is mandated to provide medical services to senior officers of the Communist Party, the State, and the People's Army of Vietnam as well as international and other service users.

Originally known as Thuy Khau Hospital and established in 1950 to serve the Border campaign in Thuy Khau - China, the 108 Military Central Hospital was officially founded on April 1, 1951, in Lang Nong, Yen Trach, Phu Luong, Thái Nguyên Province, with the initial name - Yen Trach Central Hospital.

On September 6, 2002, it was transferred from the General Department of Logistics to be affiliated with the Ministry of Defence of Vietnam.

On May 8, 2003, the Minister of National Defence decided to grant Central Military Hospital 108 the signal name of The 108 Research Institute of Clinical Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences under the Ministry of National Defense.

In 2024, Nguyễn Phú Trọng, the general secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam, died from illness in this hospital on 19 July.