Chemosterilant

However, with great advancements made in genetics and analysis of vectors, the search for safer chemosterilants has resumed in the 21st century.

Initially, there were many concerns with using chemosterilants on an operational scale due to difficulties in finding the ideal small molecule.

The molecule must result in permanent sterility upon exposure through topical application or immersion of larvae into water.

The two promising agents in the beginning were aziridines thiotepa and bisazir, but they were unable to satisfy the criteria of minimal toxicity to humans as well as the vector's predators.

Pyriproxyfen was another compound of interest since it is not toxic to humans, but it would not be possible to induce sterility in larvae due to the fact that it exists as a larvicide.

Through the formulation of a non-surgical castration technique, animals would not have to undergo anesthesia, and would not have to experience post-surgical bleeding or infection of the area that has been operated on.

These kinds of chemicals are generally injected into male reproductive organs, such as the testes, vas deferens, or epididymis.

Using an apoptosis-inducing agent known as doxorubicin encapsulated in a nanoemulsion, and injecting it into mice, testicular cell death was observed.

[4] Chemosterilants can be useful to developing countries due to the fact that they have less resources and funds that can be allocated towards castration of their free-roaming animals.

[5] The method of administration of CaCl2 and zinc gluconate is through a transvaginal injection of the chemical into the ovaries, and visualization is achieved through the use of an ultrasound.