Coating

[3] In other cases the coating adds a completely new property, such as a magnetic response or electrical conductivity (as in semiconductor device fabrication, where the substrate is a wafer), and forms an essential part of the finished product.

This continuous process is highly efficient for producing large volumes of coated materials, which are essential in various industries including printing, packaging, and electronics.

The technology allows for consistent high-quality application of the coating material over large surface areas, enhancing productivity and uniformity.

[8] A decorative coating can offer a particular reflective property, such as high gloss, satin, matte, or flat appearance.

[64] X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is also a classical characterization method to investigate the chemical composition of the nanometer thick surface layer of a material.

[65] Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX, or SEM-EDS) allows to visualize the surface texture and to probe its elementary chemical composition.

[72] For example, on the basis of experimental and epidemiological evidence, it has been classified by the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) as a human carcinogen by inhalation (class I) (ISPESL, 2008).