[3] Greek accents (used to indicate voiced pitch changes) are written, but breathing marks (utilised to designate vowel emphasis) are rarely included.

Lectionary (weekly church reading portions) beginning (αρχη / arche) and ending (τελος / telos) marks are also written.

The tables of contents (known as κεφαλαια / kephalaia) are included before the gospels of Mark, Luke, and John (unable to know whether there was a contents-table before Matthew, as the manuscript is missing up to Matt 1:9).

These are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names: Alexandrian, Western, and Byzantine.

[1]: 205–230 The Caesarean text-type, initially identified by biblical scholar Burnett Hillman Streeter, has been contested by several text-critics, such as Kurt and Barbara Aland.

[5]: 77, 82 [6]: 313 His reasonings were developed further by biblical scholars Kirsopp Lake, Robert Blake and Silva New, resulting in this fam.

[6] Though further publications sought to establish the Caesarean Text as a definitive text-type, by the end of the 20th century this notion had failed to convince the majority of scholars.