Cold-cranking simulator

In this condition, the only energy available to turn the engine comes from the starter motor and the battery, and it has been widely assumed that the system acts as a constant power viscometer.

The first prototype was built on his apartment kitchen table with Unimat, a miniature lathe/milling machine, to minimize and avoid proper company procedures.

Oils in real engines are similarly sheared, high in the journal bearings, oscillatory on piston rings and low in galley.

Most developmental work went into proper sizing of the flat to simulate relative shear rate distribution in an "average engine".

Various generations of the CCS have been made over the years, with the latest Cannon CCS-2100 utilising Peltier cooling and an associated chiller to operate essentially the same instrument as the original 1960s design.