They appear as sunken lesions surrounded by a raised brown-black border on the pods, petioles and stems.

Very small black fruiting bodies of the fungus are usually visible in older lesions.

[3] Infected seeds appear discoloured with brown or grey staining or dark flecks.

[3] Partners of the CABI-led programme, Plantwise including LUANAR recommend using certified, disease-free seed.

[3] They also recommend rotating soybean with cereals such as maize and sorghum every 2–3 seasons and remove any diseased crop residue and bury any remaining material.