Cora language

A significant portion of Cora speakers have formed an expatriate community along the southwestern part of Colorado in the United States.

But Ethnologue considers the mutual intelligibility between these and Meseño to be high enough to classify them as a single language.

Due to recent migrations a small community of Coras exists in the United States in western Colorado.

The International Organization for Standardization distinguishes two languages, and the Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas recognizes nine.

The phonology of Cora is typical of southern Uto-Aztecan languages, with five vowels and a relatively simple consonant inventory.

Cora is a verb-initial language; its grammar is agglutinative and polysynthetic, particularly inflecting verbs with many affixes and clitics.

Different types of subject and object marking can form the grammatical relations in the Cora language through the interplay of syntactic features like word order, topicalization, and dislocation processes.

Within the Cora language, addressing the agentive verbal bases leads semantic variation to appear, this results in facing the constraints in order to construct the morphological causatives.

Other ways to form the plural is by reduplication of the final vowel of a noun stem or by shifting the accent from one syllable to the other.

The VSO structure can be changed in order to show emphasis of certain words, phrases, and sounds.

"Locatives and temporals moved to the beginning of sentence for emphasis: ‘réganabelowsimí-lego-PAST‘régana simí-lebelow go-PAST"He went down below.

"Discontinuous construction can be done by moving an adjective or an adverb to sentence-final position and giving it emphatic intonation: ‘lígethenalétherewikóčiPNnapaī-kagather-EMPHpiéstafiestaolá-le-ru-ga-rado-PAST-PASS-STAT-QUOTwaʼlúbig‘líge alé wikóči napaī-ka piésta olá-le-ru-ga-ra waʼlúthen there PN gather-EMPH fiesta do-PAST-PASS-STAT-QUOT big"I am told that then they gathered there at Huicochi and a fiesta was held, a big one.

"Subject repeated by use of a pronoun: Basačí-siCoyote-also‘lígethenrowí-sirabbit-also‘lígethenaluétheynapaí-kagather-EMPHmučí-mebe:PL-PRTCka-rá-ebe-QUOT-DUBehperé-galive-CONThámiwildsBasačí-si ‘líge rowí-si ‘líge alué napaí-ka mučí-me ka-rá-e ehperé-ga hámiCoyote-also then rabbit-also then they gather-EMPH be:PL-PRTC be-QUOT-DUB live-CONT wilds"The coyote and the rabbit were living together in the wilds, they say.

"Examples of comparison between continuous construction and discontinuous: NéIboʼnémyselfsi-mélago-FUTNé boʼné si-mélaI myself go-FUT"I myself will go.

"Two nouns or noun phrases which have similar grammatical functions can come next to each other with the second further explaining the first: ‘lígeThenaluéthatriómanluísi moríoPNani-lí-mesay-PASS-PRTC‘líge alué rió {luísi morío} ani-lí-meThen that man PN say-PASS-PRTC"That man named Luis Morillo…"Apposition can also be seen by a possessive pronoun preceded by a demonstrative pronoun: AluéThatnémybaʼčí-la-kaolder:brother-POSS-EMPHAlué né baʼčí-la-kaThat my older:brother-POSS-EMPH"he (that one) my older brother"Apposition can also give emphasis by repeating a sentence in different ways.

né-kaI-EMPHaʼlágoodčeʼwá-ke-‘ehit-QUOT-EMPHgara-bégood-DIMnahká-laear-POSSili-gástand-CONTalētherećewā-kahit-EMPHnéInaʼnalīvery:onealē-gethere-side‘má-ro-čirun-pass:by-whenné-ka aʼlá čeʼwá-ke-‘e gara-bé nahká-la ili-gá alē ćewā-ka né naʼnalī alē-ge ‘má-ro-čiI-EMPH good hit-QUOT-EMPH good-DIM ear-POSS stand-CONT there hit-EMPH I very:one there-side run-pass:by-when"I hit him about on the ear.

"Postpositions are attached directly to a pronominal base of some kind, which is the most common pattern in Uto-Aztecan language.

These pairs can be illustrated through the following examples: hap^wanon?i-čanakaART-earthhap^wan ?i-čanakaon ART-earth"on the earth"heceninru-muvehis-featherhecen ru-muvein his-feather"by means of their feathershaft"pu-rihe-nowheceninwataragosaiotherru-čanakahis-worldpu-ri hecen watara sai ru-čanakahe-now in go other his-world"Now he goes to his other world.

'[10]u-ká-taa-sininside-down-burn-DURmɨARTkantiiracandleu-ká-taa-sin mɨ kantiirainside-down-burn-DUR ART candleThe candle is burning.The Inside and outside prepositions may not always be clear, in some cases they may be described as relative rather than absolute.

[10] Used to indicate where an action is taking place [10] Cora-language programming is carried by the CDI's radio station XEJMN-AM, broadcasting from Jesús María, Nayarit.

Main communities where Cora is spoken in the Nayar municipality.