Coupled substitution

[2] To make a geometrically stable structure in a mineral, atoms must fit together in terms of both their size and charge.

The atoms have to fit together so that their electron shells can interact with one another and they also have to produce a neutral molecule.

For these reasons the sizes and electron shell structure of atoms determine what element combinations are possible and the geometrical form that various minerals take.

Because electrons are donated and received, it is the ionic radius of the element that controls the size and determines how atoms fit together in minerals.

[3] For example, when a plagioclase feldspar solid solution series forms, albite (Na Al Si3O8) can change to anorthite (Ca Al2Si2O8) by having Al3+ replace Si4+.

Example on bottom where albite ( Na Al Si 3 O 8 ) changes to anorthite ( Ca Al 2 Si 2 O 8 ), Al 3+
replaces Si 4+
and Ca 2+
for Na +
Diopside can be converted into
Jadeite by coupled substitution