[4] A number of successes have been achieved, the foremost including sildenafil (Viagra) for erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension and thalidomide for leprosy and multiple myeloma.
[12] Drug repurposing can be a time and cost effective strategy for treating dreadful diseases such as cancer[13][14] and is applied as a means of solution-finding to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.
[17] In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, a European project, Exscalate4Cov conducted drug repurposing experiments, leading to the identification of raloxifene as a possible candidate for treating early-stage COVID-19 patients.
[10] Second, the finding of new formulation and distribution mechanisms of existing drugs to the novel-disease-affected areas rarely includes the efforts of "pharmaceutical and toxicological" scientists.
Evidence from meta-analyses showed that adjunctive allopurinol and tamoxifen were superior to placebo for mania, and add-on modafinil/armodafinil and pramipexole seemed to be effective for bipolar depression, while the efficacy of celecoxib and N-acetylcysteine appeared to be limited to certain outcomes.
[1] Further, meta-analytic evidence exists also for adjunctive melatonin and ramelteon in mania, and for add-on acetylsalicylic acid, pioglitazone, memantine, and inositol in bipolar depression, but findings were not significant.