Education and training of electrical and electronics engineers

The degree generally includes units covering physics, mathematics, project management and specific topics in electrical and electronics engineering.

The doctor of philosophy consists of a significant research component and is often viewed as the entry point to academia.

Electrical engineering courses have other specializations such as machines, power generation and distribution.

Elements of vector calculus: divergence and curl; Gauss' and Stokes' theorems, Maxwell's equations: differential and integral forms.

Plane waves: propagation through various media; reflection and refraction; phase and group velocity; skin depth.

Network theorems: superposition, Thevenin and Norton's maximum power transfer, Wye-Delta transformation.

Linear constant coefficient differential equations; time domain analysis of simple RLC circuits, Solution of network equations using Laplace transform: frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits.

Tools and techniques for LTI control system analysis: root loci, Routh-Hurwitz criterion, Bode and Nyquist plots.

This requirement is enforced by state and provincial legislation such as Quebec's Engineers Act.

Practically all certifying bodies maintain a code of ethics that they expect all members to abide by or risk expulsion.

In this way these organizations play an important role in maintaining ethical standards for the profession.

Even in jurisdictions where certification has little or no legal bearing on work, engineers are subject to contract law.

An engineer's work must also comply with numerous other rules and regulations such as building codes and legislation pertaining to environmental law.

The former claims to produce 30 percent of the world's literature on electrical engineering, has over 360,000 members worldwide and holds over 300 conferences annually.