[1] Common challenges in election administration include long lines at polling places, ensuring equitable access to voting, designing ballots so that voters can understand them as well as possible, ensuring that voters are registered where applicable, counting votes, and correcting vote counting errors as they occur.
These variations can happen for democratically legitimate reasons like limited democratic experience in the country or poor funding of election administration, or for less legitimate reasons like attempts to limit voter participation or to not count votes correctly.
The elements of this right were enumerated in Smiley v. Holm (1932), which enabled states to provide a complete code for congressional elections, not only as to times and places, but in relation to notices, registration, supervision of voting, protection of voters, prevention of electoral fraud and corrupt practices, counting of votes, duties of inspectors and canvassers, and making and publication of election returns.
[7] Election administration is also the subject of numerous education programs.
Certifications and graduate degrees in election administration are offered in many countries, including India, the United States, and Italy.