Additionally, it produces quantized energy levels for trapped charged particles like electrons and protons.
Electromagnetic cavities are represented by potential wells, also called boxes, which can be of limited or unlimited depth V0.
Electrons which are trapped in an electromagnetic cavity are in a bound state and thus organise themselves as they do in a regular atom, thus expressing chemical-like behaviour.
Several researchers have proposed to develop programmable matter by varying the number of trapped electrons in those cavities.
[1] The discrete energy levels of electromagnetic cavities are exploited to produce photons of desired frequencies and thus are essential for nano- or submicrometre-scale laser devices.