[3] Additionally, electroosmotic pumps have gained significant attention due to their potential applications in microfluidic channels, lab-on-a-chip devices, and biomedical engineering.
[9] Pumps based on porous media can be created using sintered glass[10][11] or microporous polymer membranes [12] with appropriate surface chemistry.
Bimetallic gold/silver patches have been shown to generate local fluid pumping by this mechanism when hydrogen peroxide is added to the solution.
[14] A related motion can be induced by silver phosphate particles, which can be tailored to generate reversible firework behavior among other properties.
[15] Titanium dioxide micromotors (TiO2) demonstrated swarming behavior in the absence or presence of additional fuels due to the self-generated electrolyte diffusioosmosis.