Ellsborough Township was organized in 1874, and named for Knut Ellingson, a pioneer settler.

The racial makeup of the township was 94.95% White, 1.52% African American, and 3.54% from two or more races.

18.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.

Ellsborough Township is located in Minnesota's 1st congressional district, represented by Mankato educator Tim Walz, a Democrat.

At the state level, Ellsborough Township is located in Senate District 22, represented by Democrat Jim Vickerman, and in House District 22A, represented by Republican Doug Magnus.