[9] The autonomy of the principality ended in 1655 as Emir Abdal Khan entered into conflict with the Malik Ahmad Pasha, the Wāli of Van at the time.

[10] For centuries, Bitlis and neighboring Kurdish principalities were profoundly influenced by Persian language and culture due to their connections with Persian-centered empires.

From the 14th century, Persian literary production flourished in Bitlis, with notable works by Idris-i Bidlisi and Sharaf Khan.

Despite a shift to Turkish in Ottoman bureaucracy during the 16th century, Persian continued to be used in Bitlis for communications with Safavid shahs and for inscriptions on buildings and gravestones.

Persian manuscripts filled the palace library, and its influence persisted in daily life and cultural practices well into the 19th century.