[1][2] Epidural steroid injection for sciatica and spinal stenosis is of unclear effect.

[4] It is unclear if ESI is useful for chronic pain after spinal surgery.

[2] These include loss of vision, stroke, paralysis, or death when the corticosteroids are infected, as in a 2012 meningitis outbreak.

[2][8] Another study found an increased odds of developing epidural lipomatosis, independent of body mass index (BMI) or other factors.

[11] Imaging guidance ensures the correct placement of the needle and maximizes the physician's ability to make an accurate diagnosis and administer effective therapy.