Adopted in 1941 by the National Assembly of the Philippines, during the Commonwealth era when the islands were still an American territory, it also covers acts committed against the United States.
Amendment to it is sought in the 2020s for stiffer penalties and expanding the coverage that can be penalized during times of peace.
10983 was filed Rufus Rodriguez of Cagayan de Oro's 2nd district.
The House propasal came after allegations of espionage by China which also involves the case of Bamban mayor Alice Guo.
[3] After the capture of Deng Yuanqing, a Chinese national, for alleged espionage, the National Security Council has urged for the passage of an amendment bill.