Centrosaurinae

Centrosaurinae (from the Greek, meaning "pointed lizards") is a subfamily of ceratopsid, a group of large quadrupedal ornithischian dinosaur.

Centrosaurine fossil remains are known primarily from the northern region of Laramidia (modern day Alberta, Montana, and Alaska) but isolated taxa have been found in China and Utah as well.

Some features that have traditionally been used to classify these dinosaurs, like the number and arrangement of frill ornaments or spikes, have been discovered to be more variable than previously thought.

In particular, large sample sizes of the species Centrosaurus apertus and Styracosaurus albertensis have shown a higher than predicted amount of variation.

They used the same data as Chiba et al.'s 2017 study, but treated Rubeosaurus as a synonym of Styracosaurus, dropping it from their taxon list.

[11] Nasutoceratopsini Coronosaurus brinkmani Centrosaurus apertus Spinops sternbergorum Styracosaurus albertensis Einiosaurus procurvicornis Achelousaurus horneri Pachyrhinosaurus Pachyrhinosaurini was defined in 2012 by Fiorillo & Tykoski.

All other Late Cretaceous dinosaur groups from North America have also been found in Asia, so the initial absence of Asian centrosaurines had been surprising.

[14] The current evidence suggests that Centrosaurinae originated in Laramidia 90-80 million years ago,[3] with the discovery of the oldest known centrosaurine, Menefeeceratops further proving this.

[19] In these sorts of groups, young males are typically sexually mature for several years before actually beginning to breed, when their mating signals are most fully developed.

Skull of an unnamed nasutoceratopsin exhibited in the Museo del Mamuth in Chihuahua City , from the municipality of Aldama
Hypothesised ontogenic development of Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum