Ferromanganese

Ferromanganese is an alloy of iron and manganese, with other elements such as silicon, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorus.

Global production of low-carbon ferromanganese (i.e. alloys with less than 2% carbon content) reached 1.5 megatons in 2010.

In the fluxless method, carbon reduction is also used in the first stage, but the fluxes added do not necessarily increase the activity of the manganese.

[6] A correct mix of coke, flux and ore composition is required to give high yield and reliable furnance operation, by achieving the desired chemical properties, viscosity and smelting temperature in the resulting melt.

To arrive at LCFM from HCFM, there are also two main methods: silicothermal reduction and oxygen refinement.

[8] In 1856, Robert Forester Mushet "used manganese to improve the ability of steel produced by the Bessemer process to withstand rolling and forging at elevated temperatures.

"[9][10] In 1860, Henry Bessemer invented the use of ferromanganese as a method of introducing manganese in controlled proportions during the production of steel.

[13][14] In an 1876 article, MF Gautier explained that the magnetic oxide needs to be slagged off by the addition of manganese (then in the form of spiegel iron) in order to befit it for rolling.