The mountains lie in southern Luna County about 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Deming, and 20 miles (32 km) north of the state of Chihuahua, Mexico; the range lies in the north of the Chihuahuan Desert region, and extreme southwestern New Mexico.

The Florida Mountains are east and adjacent to New Mexico State Road 11, the north–south route to Chihuahua; it becomes Highway 23 in Chihuahua and connects to Mexican Federal Highway 2, the major east–west route of the north Chihuahuan Desert adjacent the U.S.-Mexico border.

The Florida Mountains are a small, compact range about 12 miles (19 km) long, with various peaks from 5,000 to 7,000 feet (1,524 to 2,134 m).

Deming, and its suburbs directly south, form the northwest and west border of the range's minor foothills.

New Mexico 198 lies at the range's north, the location of Rockhound State Park.