[1] Methods of formal linguistics were introduced by semioticians such as Charles Sanders Peirce and Louis Hjelmslev.
The formal description of language was further developed by linguists including J. R. Firth and Simon Dik, giving rise to modern grammatical frameworks such as systemic functional linguistics and functional discourse grammar.
Dependency grammar, created by French structuralist Lucien Tesnière,[4] has been used widely in natural language processing.
Analytical models based on semantics and discourse pragmatics were rejected by the Bloomfieldian school of linguistics[5] whose derivatives place the object into the verb phrase, following from Wilhelm Wundt's Völkerpsychologie.
[6] Generative models of formal linguistics, such as head-driven phrase structure grammar, have also been used in natural language processing.