[1] The concept is generally attributed to the work of Erving Goffman and his 1974 book Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience and has been developed in social movement theory, policy studies and elsewhere.
"Framing is the process by which a communication source, such as a news organization, defines and constructs a political issue or public controversy" (Nelson, Oxley, & Clawson, 1997, p. 221).
These may include: metaphor, stories, tradition, slogan, jargon, catchphrase, artifact, contrast or spin.
Political communication researcher Jim A. Kuypers first published his work advancing framing analysis as a rhetorical perspective in 1997.
According to Kuypers, "Framing is a process whereby communicators, consciously or unconsciously, act to construct a point of view that encourages the facts of a given situation to be interpreted by others in a particular manner.
Frames operate in four key ways: they define problems, diagnose causes, make moral judgments, and suggest remedies.
Frames are often found within a narrative account of an issue or event, and are generally the central organizing idea.
Snow and Benford (1988) say that frame alignment is an important element in social mobilization or movement.
[13] Other examples of frames may include: health severity, thematic and episodic, medical, uncertainty, alarmist.
[14] The automated approach imitates frame analysis by using natural language processing and media bias models.