[34] Their partnership mainly dealt with claims made under a "land grab" act of 1783 that opened Cherokee and Chickasaw territory to North Carolina's white residents.

[68] He informed the Tennessee militia that it should be ready to march at a moment's notice "when the government and constituted authority of our country require it",[69] and agreed to provide boats and provisions for the expedition.

He warned the Governor of Louisiana William Claiborne and Tennessee Senator Daniel Smith that some of the people involved in the adventure might be intending to break away from the United States.

[77] Jackson immediately offered to raise volunteers for the war, but he was not called to duty until after the United States military was repeatedly defeated in the American Northwest.

He moved his forces to Mobile, Alabama, in August, accused the Spanish governor of West Florida, Mateo González Manrique, of arming the Red Sticks, and threatened to attack.

He augmented his force by forming an alliance with Jean Lafitte's smugglers and raising units of free African Americans and Creek,[112] paying non-white volunteers the same salary as whites.

[124] Although Jackson lifted martial law when he received official word that the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war with the British, had been signed,[125] his previous behavior tainted his reputation in New Orleans.

[132] Despite resistance from Secretary of the Treasury William Crawford, he negotiated and signed five treaties between 1816 and 1820 in which the Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee and Chickasaw ceded tens of millions of acres of land to the United States.

Before departing, Jackson wrote to President James Monroe, "Let it be signified to me through any channel ... that the possession of the Floridas would be desirable to the United States, and in sixty days it will be accomplished.

[143] In February 1819, a congressional investigation exonerated Jackson,[144] and his victory was instrumental in convincing the Seminoles to sign the Treaty of Moultrie Creek in 1823, which surrendered much of their land in Florida.

[174] He gained powerful supporters in both the South and North, including Calhoun, who became Jackson's vice-presidential running mate, and New York Senator Martin Van Buren.

[180] A series of pamphlets known as the Coffin Handbills[181] accused him of having murdered 18 white men, including the soldiers he had executed for desertion and alleging that he stabbed a man in the back with his cane.

[189] She had been under stress throughout the election, and just as Jackson was preparing to head to Washington for his inauguration, she fell ill.[190] She did not live to see her husband become president, dying of a stroke or heart attack a few days later.

[195] In his inaugural address, he promised to protect the sovereignty of the states, respect the limits of the presidency, reform the government by removing disloyal or incompetent appointees, and observe a fair policy toward Native Americans.

[202] Jackson argued that rotation in office reduced corruption[203] by making officeholders responsible to the popular will,[204] but it functioned as political patronage and became known as the spoils system.

[218] Significant portions of the five major tribes in the area then known as the Southwest—the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminoles— began to adopt white culture, including education, agricultural techniques, a road system, and rudimentary manufacturing.

He was not successful in removing the Iroquois Confederacy in New York, but when some members of the Meskwaki (Fox) and the Sauk triggered the Black Hawk War by trying to cross back to the east side of the Mississippi, the peace treaties ratified after their defeat reduced their lands further.

[255] On November 24, South Carolina had passed the Ordinance of Nullification,[256] declaring both tariffs null and void and threatening to secede from the United States if the federal government tried to use force to collect the duties.

[259] On December 10, he issued a proclamation against the "nullifiers",[260] condemning nullification as contrary to the Constitution's letter and spirit, rejecting the right of secession, and declaring that South Carolina stood on "the brink of insurrection and treason".

[274] Jackson's supporters further alleged that it gave preferential loans to speculators and merchants over artisans and farmers, that it used its money to bribe congressmen and the press, and that it had ties with foreign creditors.

By the time of the 1832 election, Biddle had spent over $250,000 (equivalent to $7,630,000 in 2023) in printing pamphlets, lobbying for pro-Bank legislation, hiring agents and giving loans to editors and congressmen.

Jackson seemed open to keeping the Bank if it could include some degree of Federal oversight, limit its real estate holdings, and have its property subject to taxation by the states.

[299] In spite of the efforts of Taney's successor, Levi Woodbury, to control them, the pet banks expanded their loans, helping to create a speculative boom in the final years of Jackson's administration.

[315] While Jackson was leaving the United States Capitol on January 30, 1835, Richard Lawrence, an unemployed house painter from England, aimed a pistol at him, which misfired.

[319] Federal troops were used to crush Nat Turner's slave rebellion in 1831,[320] though Jackson ordered them withdrawn immediately afterwards despite the petition of local citizens for them to remain for protection.

[330] In his First Annual Message to Congress, Jackson addressed the issues of spoliation claims, demands of compensation for the capture of American ships and sailors by foreign nations during the Napoleonic Wars.

[377] Both his mother and his wife had been devout Presbyterians all their lives, but Jackson stated that he had postponed officially entering the church until after his retirement to avoid accusations that he had done so for political reasons.

[382] He has been variously described as a frontiersman personifying the independence of the American West,[383] a slave-owning member of the Southern gentry,[384] and a populist who promoted faith in the wisdom of the ordinary citizen.

[385] He has been represented as a statesman who substantially advanced the spirit of democracy,[386] and upheld the foundations of American constitutionalism,[387] as well as an autocratic demagogue who crushed political opposition and trampled the law.

[409] In 2018, the white supremacist group Identity Evropa published a flier with his image beneath the slogan "European roots, American greatness";[410] in 2020, anti-racist protestors in Washington D.C. attempted to pull down the Andrew Jackson statue in Lafayette Square.