A second and less frequent source of genetic redundancy are convergent evolutionary processes leading to genes that are close in function but unrelated in sequence (Galperin, Walker & Koonin 1998).
Genetic redundancy is typically associated with signaling networks, in which many proteins act together to accomplish teleological functions.
Therefore, genetic redundancy has classically aroused much debate in the context of evolutionary biology (Nowak et al., 1997; Kafri, Springer & Pilpel .
Indeed it has been shown that the functional divergence of paralogous pairs in both yeast and human is an extremely rapid process.
Taking these notions into account, the very existence of genetic buffering, and the functional redundancies required for it, presents a paradox in light of the evolutionary concepts.