[2] It is characterised by round-headed spermatozoa without acrosomes, an abnormal nuclear membrane and midpiece defects.

[3] The presence of round headed sperm in a semen analysis sample confirms the diagnosis of globozoospermia.

[11] Some studies have shown it is possible for a viable embryo to be created with this technique alone,[6] however others have found it necessary to also use calcium ionophore treatment for fertilisation to be successful.

[3] The observation has been made many times that globozoospermia arises in siblings which points towards an underlying genetic cause.

[13][14] There are thousands of genes which guide the process of spermatogenesis, and knowing how they’re involved in globozoospermia is an important current area of research.

[1] The development of intracytoplasmic sperm injection made conception a possibility for patients with a variety of male infertility conditions, including globozoospermia.

[17] Another promising treatment area also looks at causing oocyte activation in conjunction with ICSI, this time using spermatic binding-proteins, phospholipase C zeta (PLCζ) and postacrosomal sheath WW domain binding protein (PAWP).