[2] H. parainfluenzae is an opportunistic pathogen that has been associated with endocarditis, bronchitis, otitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, abscesses and genital tract infections.

In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine exogenous DNA into its genome it must enter a special physiological state termed natural competence.

[3] Natural DNA transformation may play a major role in the exchange of genetic information among H. parainfluenzae isolates.

Beta-lactam agents such as amoxicillin and ampicillin are antibiotics that are effective against H. parainfluenzae.

In 40% of infective endocarditis cases caused by H. parainfluenzae, the best treatment is a valve replacement.