1991 Atlantic hurricane season

[nb 2][8] The revised June total was very close to the actual season activity, with the exception of forecasting one fewer major hurricane.

[15] The low moved northwestward and later curved northeastward, exiting into the Atlantic Ocean near Saint Augustine by early on July 2.

[14] As the depression moved northeastward parallel to the southeast United States coastline, it dropped light rainfall, although portions of Virginia recorded more than 5 inches (130 mm).

[19] Nearing the coast of Mexico, the depression attained its peak intensity with winds of 35 mph (56 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1,007 mbar (29.7 inHg).

[17] Hurricane Bob originated from a decaying cold front, developing into a tropical depression early on August 16 near the Bahamas.

[22] It produced an area of organized convection, and the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Bob roughly 18 hours after forming.

[22] Shortly thereafter, the hurricane began to turn towards the north-northeast in response to a subtropical ridge over the Atlantic and the trough over the southeastern United States.

[25] After further intensification off the Carolinas, Bob reached peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) to the east of Virginia on August 19, making it a major hurricane.

It rapidly weakened to tropical storm intensity while moving through the remainder of New England, hitting Rockport, Maine, early on August 20.

[30] In neighboring Connecticut, strong winds downed trees across the region, with damage heaviest in the southeastern portion near the coast.

[35] One of the few vigorous tropical waves of the season emerged from the western coast of Africa with a large area of convection in late August.

Upon developing, the depression had a small area of convection with a spiral rainband, and the NHC anticipated slow strengthening to tropical storm status.

[39] Due to cool water temperatures, the system was unable to maintain deep convection,[40] and on August 31 the depression degenerated into a tropical wave about 400 miles (640 km) east of the Lesser Antilles.

[44] It underwent rapid intensification, and early on September 7 a reconnaissance flight reported that Claudette attained major hurricane status with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h).

[42][45] Based on satellite estimates, Hurricane Claudette attained its peak intensity with winds of 130 mph (210 km/h) and a minimum pressure 944 mbar (27.9 inHg).

[46] One of the most vigorous tropical waves of the season (which also led to the formation of Hurricane Jimena in the eastern Pacific) was first observed in western Africa on September 2.

Later that day, a Hurricane Hunters flight was unable to locate a closed circulation, which indicated that Danny degenerated into a tropical wave about 150 mi (240 km) east of the Lesser Antilles.

Nearby Santa Maria Island reported tropical storm force winds with gusts to 67 mph (108 km/h), prompting the closure of the airfield for several hours.

[59] The origins of Fabian were from a tropical wave and a cold front that entered the northwestern Caribbean Sea on October 12, which produced an area of thunderstorms in the Gulf of Honduras.

[60] When Fabian first formed, the government of Cuba issued a tropical storm warning from Havana to Ciego de Ávila Province, as well as the Isle of Youth.

Its primary form of impact was from heavy rainfall in a 24‑hour period, peaking at 6.2 inches (160 mm) in Caonao on the south coast of Cuba.

[68] In South Florida, Homestead Air Force Base reported rainfall of 3.68 inches (93 mm), but this too was attributed to the precursor frontal system, rather than Fabian itself.

[71] Despite the presence of strong shear, the system was upgraded to a tropical depression at 2200 UTC on October 24 about 1,100 miles (1,800 km) east of the Lesser Antilles.

[71] At the time of development, the depression had a small area of convection near and east of the center, and due to the wind shear it was never expected to intensify.

The system was labeled as such due to the initial lack of deep convection over the center, although following an increase in thunderstorms the NHC reclassified it as Tropical Storm Grace late on October 27.

[76] Shortly thereafter, Grace turned sharply to the east due to the influence of a rapidly intensifying extratropical cyclone off the New England coast.

The rapid motion caused an asymmetry in the wind field, and the center passed approximately 50 mi (80 km) south of Bermuda without significantly affecting the island.

The storm lashed the East Coast of the United States with high waves and coastal flooding, before turning to the southwest and weakening.

[86][83] Most of the damage occurred while the storm was extratropical, after waves up to 30 ft (9.1 m) struck the coastline from Canada to Florida and southeastward to Puerto Rico.

[87] A buoy off the coast of Nova Scotia reported a wave height of 100.7 ft (30.7 m), the highest ever recorded in the province's offshore waters.