Common symptoms include a grayish-blue (cyanosis) coloration to the skin, lips, fingernails and other parts of the body.

[3][4] Other pronounced symptoms can be rapid or difficult breathing, poor feeding due to lack of energy, cold hands or feet, or being inactive and drowsy.

If either formation does close, the child will go into shock, signs of which can include cool or clammy skin, a weak or rapid pulse, and dilated pupils.

[6] It is thought that a family history of similar heart defects can increase the risk, and there are some genes hypothesized to be factors.

Any disturbances of such processes may lead to various congenital heart diseases and defects that could be initiated by various genetic, epigenetic or environmental factors.

The final result of these surgeries is to redirect the superior and inferior vena cavae into the pulmonary artery, bypassing the right atrium.

The Glenn procedure disconnects the superior vena cava from the heart and connects it to the right pulmonary artery so deoxygenated blood from the upper body goes directly to the lungs.

[citation needed] With a series of operations or even a heart transplant, a newborn can be treated but not be cured.

Young individuals who have undergone reconstructive surgery must refer to a cardiologist who is experienced in congenital heart diseases,[9] People who have been diagnosed with HRHS must limit the physical activity they participate in to their own lowered endurance level.