Industrial microbiology

There are multiple ways to manipulate a microorganism in order to increase maximum product yields.

The plasmids and/ or vectors are used to incorporate multiple copies of a specific gene that would allow more enzymes to be produced that eventually cause more product yield.

The microorganisms grow in a liquid media where the population size is controlled in order to yield the greatest amount of product.

In this environment nutrient, pH, temperature, and oxygen are controlled also in order to maximize the amount of cells and cause them not to die before the production of the antibiotic of interest.

[citation needed] In this process, once there is enough alcohol and carbon dioxide around in the media the yeast start to die due to the environment becoming toxic to them.

Cheese was produced as a way to preserve the nutrients obtained from milk, through fermentation thus elongating the shelf-life of the product.

Also these microbes are responsible for the different flavors of cheese, since they have enzymes that breakdown milk sugars and fats into multiple building blocks.

[citation needed] The production of yogurt starts from the pasteurization of milk, where undesired microbes are reduced or eliminated.

There is less need for the environment to be sterile since there is less water, there is a higher stability and concentration for the end product.

The demand for agricultural products is constantly increasing due to the need of various fertilizers and pesticides.

Due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the soil becomes infertile and a non-sufficient use for growing crops.

Biochemical pesticides can also be produced from naturally occurring substances that can control pest populations in a non-toxic matter.

[6] An example of a biochemical pesticide is garlic and pepper based insecticides, these work by repelling insects from the desired location.

Microbial pesticides, usually a virus, bacterium, or fungus are used to control pest populations in a more specific manner.

This spore forming bacterium produces a delta-endotoxins in which it causes the insect or pest to stop feeding on the crop or plant because the endotoxin destroys the lining of the digestive system.

In 2012 the total production of L-Glutamic acid was 2.2 million tons and is produced using a submerged fermentation technique inoculated with C.glutamicum.

[7] This organism and other autotrophs were later modified to yield other amino acids such as lysine, aspartate, methionine, isoleucine and threonine.

Later technological advances were discovered that allowed scientist to genetically alter these strains to achieve a higher yield for these solvents.