Industrial violence
[1] However, there are a variety of partial explanations provided by theoretical frameworks on collective violence, social conflict and labor protest and militancy.
These disputes predominantly occur in the form of violent strikes opposing employers, and have had varying results in terms of subsequent legal change.
[1] Violent action taken against labor unions is also a form of industrial violence and multiple instances of this have occurred.
[2] At this time, Dublin was the centre of economic growth for Ireland, which likely resulted in the high rate of crime (between 1708 and 1786, 173 homicides were reported).
[2] Industrial violence also arose from the military, police and an independent group known as The Volunteers which all supported the masters.
The violence occurred both on behalf of the protesters and the states, and included riots, damage to property and infantrymen opening fire.
[4] Both the Liverpool General Transport Strike of 1911 and the Dublin Lockout 1913 are notable examples of the conflicts within this period.
[4] Hundreds were hospitalised, and two days later troops opened fire at the docks within the city, resulting in the death of two men and the injury of 13.
[5] In response to William Martin Murphy, owner of the Independent Newspaper group and the Dublin United Tramway Company, victimising the ITGWU, the union called out its tram workers.
[5] This violence continued the following day, when Larkin, leader of the ITGWU, held a meeting (which had been banned).
[3] However, in common law labor organisations ceased to be viewed as illegal conspiracies as early as 1842, although some prosecutions were made as late as 1890.
[3] Before the legalisation of unionisation in 1933, the majority of worker initiated strike violence was against strikebreakers, and took the form of physical assault.
[3] Shootings occurred most frequently in conjunction with mining, one of the most extreme examples being the events of the Herrin Massacre 1922.
[3] Although, Gitelman found the role and character of violence of state police and national guardsmen generally varied depending on the control elected officials enacted.
[6] As the crowd entered the barroom for the Majestic Hotel to avoid the troopers, two shots were fired into the bar by Pennsylvania state constable John Moughan.
[6] During WWI, unionisation was to be legalised through the Wilson administration’s wartime powers, but sanction was withdrawn by the end of the war.
This strike began with non-violent tactics, but the subsequent rioting ultimately led to multiple casualties and fatalities.
[7] In 1862, the villagers of Urappanur in the Madurai district of the Madras protested against the diversion of water from a channel which irrigated their fields.
[7] In 1913, workers from the Madras and Southern Mahratta’s Railway Perambur workshops rioted in opposition to administrative changes .
[7] Those in the carpentry shops began to throw their mallets, bricks, nuts, bolts and iron bars at the staff.
[7] Some workers used sledgehammer handles to chase the Europeans, and proceeded to break windows and smash office furniture.
[12] As 14 day notice had not been given, the management stated it was an illegal strike, and as the Commissioner of Labor agreed, the strikers tried to come back to work.
[13] These protests became violent; the human resources general manager Awanish Kumar died in the conflict, and several other managerial staff sustained injuries.
