As a non-profit organization, it promotes general interest in the sciences and facilitates exchange between scientists from different disciplines, primarily through interdisciplinary congresses, meetings, seminars, and publications.
Some important publications include: Un secolo di progresso scientifico italiano (1839–1939, 7 volumes), the Indice generale storico-cronologico alfabetico e analitico lavori, contributi e quadri direttivi (1839–2005), the Annuario della SIPS, and the journal Scienza e Tecnica.
Its promoters were Charles Lucien Bonaparte, a zoologist and nephew of Napoleon, Vincenzo Antinori, Giovanni Battista Amici, Gaetano Giorgini, Paolo Savi, and Maurizio Bufalini.
The society was reconstituted starting in 1906 on the initiative of Vito Volterra, Arturo Issel, and Pietro Romualdo Pirotta, with preparatory work for the first congress held in Parma in September 1907.
[7] The society had among its presidents notable Italian scientists such as the mathematician Vito Volterra, the chemist Giacomo Ciamician, and the Nobel laureates in medicine Camillo Golgi and Daniel Bovet.