In cases where the borrowed word already ends with or even contains a ru (ル) or ri (リ), this may be rebracketed as a verb ending and changed to a ru (る), as in gugu-ru (ググる, to google), from gūguru (グーグル, Google); dabu-ru (ダブる, to double), from daburu (ダブル, double); and fabo-ru> (ファボる, to favorite (e.g. a tweet)), from faboriito (ファボリート, favorite).
The first structured description of the Japanese parts of speech (品詞, hinshi) was in Gogaku Shinsho (語學新書), an 1831 grammar by Tsurumine Shigenobu.
Ochiai Naobumi (1895) defined keiyō dōshi not as a grammatical category, but as a semantic one with meanings similar to those of stative verbs (rakka yuki-ni nitari (落花雪に似たり, lit.
The grammatical subject is commonly omitted in Japanese, as in 日本nihonJapanにniLOC行きましたikimashitago-POL-PFV日本 に 行きましたnihon ni ikimashitaJapan LOC go-POL-PFVwent to JapanSubjects are mentioned when a topic is introduced, or in situations where an ambiguity might result from their omission.
Phrases have a single meaning-bearing word, followed by a string of suffixes, auxiliary verbs and particles to modify its meaning and designate its grammatical role.
太陽がtaiyō gasun SBJ東のhigashi noeast POSS空にsora nisky LOC昇る。noborurise太陽が 東の 空に 昇る。{taiyō ga} {higashi no} {sora ni} noboru{sun SBJ} {east POSS} {sky LOC} riseThe sun rises in the eastern sky.Some scholars romanize Japanese sentences by inserting spaces only at phrase boundaries (i.e., "taiyō-ga higashi-no sora-ni noboru"), treating an entire phrase as a single word.
Uehara (1998)[84] observes that Japanese grammarians have disagreed as to the criteria that make some words inflectional and others not, in particular, the adjectival nouns – keiyōdōshi (形容動詞) or na-adjectives.
Similarly, Eleanor Jorden considers this class of words a kind of nominal, not adjective, and refers to them as na-nominals in her textbook Japanese: The Spoken Language.
However, as part of the extensive pair of grammatical systems that Japanese possesses for honorification (making discourse deferential to the addressee or even to a third party) and politeness, nouns too can be modified.
A small number of nouns have collectives formed by reduplication (possibly accompanied by voicing and related processes (rendaku)); for example: hito (人, 'person') and hitobito (人々, 'people').
Tachi is sometimes applied to inanimate objects, kuruma (車, 'car') and kuruma-tachi (車たち, 'cars'), for example, but this usage is colloquial and indicates a high level of anthropomorphisation and childlikeness, and is not more generally accepted as standard.
For example, 機械kikaiがgaひとりでにhitorideni動き出した。ugokidashita.機械 が ひとりでに 動き出した。kikai ga hitorideni ugokidashita.The machine started operating by itself.Change in a verb's valency is not accomplished by use of reflexive pronouns (in this Japanese is like English but unlike many other European languages).
They can be used in situations where the distal series sound too disconnected: 一体Ittai何nanですdesuか、ka,これkore（＊あれ）(*are)はwa?一体 何 です か、 これ （＊あれ） はIttai nan desu ka, kore (*are) wa?What on earth is this?Conjugative suffixes and auxiliary verbs are attached to the stem forms of the affixee.
[89][90] 先生Senseiがga授業jugyōをo始める。hajimeru.先生 が 授業 を 始める。Sensei ga jugyō o hajimeru.The teacher starts the class.授業Jugyōがga始まる。hajimaru.授業 が 始まる。Jugyō ga hajimaru.The class starts.車Kurumaにni何naniかkaをo入れるireru車 に 何 か を 入れるKuruma ni nani ka o ireruTo put something in the car車Kurumaにni入るhairu車 に 入るKuruma ni hairuTo enter the carNote: Some intransitive verbs (usually verbs of motion) take what looks like a direct object, but is not.
Modern pronunciation is a result of a long history of phonemic drift that can be traced back to written records of the 13th century, and possibly earlier.
The rule is -ku (〜く) → -u (〜う) (dropping the -k-), possibly also combining with the previous syllable according to the spelling reform chart, which may also undergo palatalization in the case of yu, yo (ゆ、よ).
負けてmaketeしまうshimau→ 負けちゃうmakechau//負けちまうmakechimau負けて しまう → 負けちゃう / 負けちまうmakete shimau {} makechau / makechimau'lose'死んでshindeしまうshimau→ 死んじゃうshinjau//死んじまうshinjimau死んで しまう → 死んじゃう / 死んじまうshinde shimau {} shinjau / shinjimau'die'食べてtabeteはwaいけないikenai→ 食べちゃtabechaいけないikenai食べて は いけない → 食べちゃ いけないtabete wa ikenai {} tabecha ikenai'must not eat'飲んでnondeはwaいけないikenai→ 飲んじゃnonjaいけないikenai飲んで は いけない → 飲んじゃ いけないnonde wa ikenai {} nonja ikenai'must not drink'寝てneteいるiru→ 寝てるneteru寝て いる → 寝てるnete iru {} neteru'is sleeping'してshiteおくoku→ しとくshitokuして おく → しとくshite oku {} shitoku'will do it so'出てdete行けike→ 出てけdeteke出て 行け → 出てけdete ike {} deteke'get out!
'買ってkatteあげるageru→ 買ったげるkattageru買って あげる → 買ったげるkatte ageru {} kattageru'buy something (for someone)'何naniしてshiteいるiruのno→ 何naniしてんのshitenno何 して いる の → 何 してんのnani shite iru no {} nani shitenno'what are you doing?
'どうdouすればsurebaいいiiのnoだろうdarou→ どうdouすりゃ(あ）suryaいいんiinだろうdarouどう すれば いい の だろう → どう すりゃ(あ） いいん だろうdou sureba ii no darou {} dou surya iin darou'what should I do?
'There are occasional others, such as -aranai → -annai as in wakaranai (分からない, don't understand) → wakannai (分かんない) and tsumaranai (つまらない, boring) → tsumannai (つまんない) – these are considered quite casual and are more common among the younger generation.
The complex distinction between the so-called topic, wa (は), and subject, ga (が), particles has been the theme of many doctoral dissertations and scholarly disputes.
The following sentence illustrates the difference;[94] 僕bokuがga知ってshitteいるiru人hitoはwa誰もdaremo来なかった。konakatta僕 が 知って いる 人 は 誰も 来なかった。boku ga shitte iru hito wa daremo konakatta(1) Of all the people I know, none came.
かばんKabanにniは、wa教科書kyōkasho三冊san-satsuとto漫画本manga-bon五冊go-satsuをo入れてireteいます。imasuかばん に は、 教科書 三冊 と 漫画本 五冊 を 入れて います。Kaban ni wa kyōkasho san-satsu to manga-bon go-satsu o irete imasuI have three textbooks and five comic books in the bag.The additive particle mo (も) can be used to conjoin larger nominals and clauses.
私たちWatashitachiのno店miseはwa7時shichi-jiよりyori営業eigyōしてshiteおります。orimasu私たち の 店 は 7時 より 営業 して おります。Watashitachi no mise wa shichi-ji yori eigyō shite orimasuOur shop is open for business from 7 onwards.Yori is also used in the sense of "than".
お前omaeはwa姉ちゃんnē-chanよりyoriうるさいurusaiんnだ!daお前 は 姉ちゃん より うるさい ん だ!omae wa nē-chan yori urusai n daYou are louder/more talkative than my elder sister!The particle to (と) is used to set off quotations.
雨ameがga上がるagaruと、to,子ども達kodomo-tachiはwa授業jugyōをo忘れて、wasurete,日hiのno当たっているatatteiru水たまりmizutamariのno誘惑yūwakuにni夢中muchūにniなる。naru雨 が 上がる と、 子ども達 は 授業 を 忘れて、 日 の 当たっている 水たまり の 誘惑 に 夢中 に なる。ame ga agaru to, kodomo-tachi wa jugyō o wasurete, hi no atatteiru mizutamari no yūwaku ni muchū ni naruRain stops and then: children, forgetting their lessons, give in to the temptation of sun-faced puddles.国境kokkyōのno長いnagaiトンネルTONNERUをo抜けるnukeruとto,雪国yukiguniでdeあった。atta国境 の 長い トンネル を 抜ける と 雪国 で あった。kokkyō no nagai TONNERU o nukeru to, yukiguni de atta(The train) came out of the long border tunnel (and then) into the snow country.Finally it is used with verbs like to meet (with) (会う, au) or to speak (with) (話す, hanasu).
可愛いkawaii娘musumeよ、yo,私watashiにni顔kaoをoしかめるな。shikameruna可愛い 娘 よ、 私 に 顔 を しかめるな。kawaii musume yo, watashi ni kao o shikamerunaOh my beloved daughter, don't frown at me so!The sentence-final particle ka (か) turns a declarative sentence into a question.
A few examples: そのsono件kenにni関してkan-shite知っているshitte-iru限りkagiriのnoことkotoをo教えてoshieteもらいたい。moraitaiその 件 に 関して 知っている 限り の こと を 教えて もらいたい。sono ken ni kan-shite shitte-iru kagiri no koto o oshiete moraitaiKindly tell me everything you know concerning that case.
)外国語gaikokugoをo学習gakushūするsuru上ueでde大切taisetsuなnaことkotoはwa毎日mainichiのno努力doryokuがgaものmonoをo言うiuとtoいうiuことkotoでdeある。aru外国語 を 学習 する 上 で 大切 な こと は 毎日 の 努力 が もの を 言う と いう こと で ある。gaikokugo o gakushū suru ue de taisetsu na koto wa mainichi no doryoku ga mono o iu to iu koto de aruIn studying a foreign language, daily effort gives the most rewards.
The prime example is the classical auxiliary -tari (たり), whose modern forms -ta (た) and -te (て) are no longer viewed as inflections of the same suffix, and can take no further affixes.