Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud (16 September 1796 – 29 October 1881) was a French physician born in Bragette, now part of Garat, Charente.

Puerto Rican independence leader, surgeon and Légion d'honneur laureate, Ramón Emeterio Betances, was one of his prominent students.

Bouillaud was an early advocate of the drug digitalis for treatment of heart ailments.

Bouilland was an ardent follower of François-Joseph-Victor Broussais (1772–1838) in regard to the dubious practice of bloodletting.

In 1825 Bouillaud published "Traité clinique et physiologique de l'encéphalite, ou inflammation du cerveau" in which he includes one of the earliest studies on localization of brain functions.