"[3] There is scientific debate about the notion of a shared, worldwide journalism culture, whether such a common construct exists and can be found empirically.
[8] Additionally, the study found Western journalists to be less supportive of any active promotion of particular values, ideas or social change.
[10] Especially in the 1990s "US government and media initiatives"[11] have worked to establish a US-modeled "objective" press model in emerging democracies in South America and Eastern Europe.
Instead, the establishment of a less objective and more entertainment- and audience-oriented journalistic culture driven by the countries themselves (e.g. "populist disseminator" journalism in Bulgaria) can be observed.
Research of journalism culture is a sub-theme of journalism research, a tradition rooted in both classical sociological approaches (e.g. Émile Durkheim, Georg Simmel, Robert E. Park, Talcott Parsons and Niklas Luhmann) and Humanities of the early 20th century[16] and is located in the broader area of media science and communication science.
Journalism studies take into account many levels of analysis including individual, organizational, societal and cultural aspects.
[29] Theoretical and practical research has found many journalism cultures and ideologies discussed in communication science literature.
[38] The AIM study concludes that these daily deficiencies, neglects and misapprehensions lead to myopic reporting about European matters.
The European AIM study found a growing openness, especially among younger generations of professional journalists, towards news methods and ways of communication and production.
[43] Further technological development within the world of the Internet points to a trend of increased usage of "non-institutionalized, non-governmental, non-administrative and clearly transnational information"[44] during reporting and research work.
Besides Western journalists adopting new media as a means of reporting, a surge in new technology usage can especially be seen in authoritarian or developing nation contexts.
[48] Traditional ethics of objectivity and impartiality dominate many newsrooms worldwide, and many similarities in editorial procedures, professional routines, and socialization processes in countries as diverse as Brazil, Germany, Indonesia, Tanzania, and the United States can be found.