[5] He married Anneliese "Annie" Sophie Charlotte Schloh (1910–1995) on June 18, 1933, in Queens, New York City.
[2] In 1943 Kenneth Caster was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for the academic year 1943–1944 for the purpose of a field study of the Paleozoic strata of the Andes Mountains in Colombia and Venezuela.
[10][11] His research on invertebrate paleontology spanned geological time from the Cambrian to the Cretaceous and included fossils from 5 phyla: cephalopods and bivalves (Mollusca), eurypterids (Arthropoda), sponges (Porifera), jellyfish (Cnidaria), and Brachiopoda.
[2] According to Stephen Jay Gould, in the early 1960s Caster seemed to be the only major paleontologist who openly supported the theory of continental drift.
During his long career he was the author or coauthor of over 100 scientific publications, earning him in 1976 the Paleontological Society Medal.
[5][18] Kenneth and Annie Caster gave generous help to amateur paleontologists in the Cincinnati area,[5] which has a great abundance of well-preserved fossils from the Late Ordovician.
A group called the "Dry Dredgers" was founded in April 1942 on the basis of an evening course that he taught during the late 1930s and early 1940s.
[19] In 1982, Kenneth Caster published a paper on the amateur paleontologists who flourished in the Cincinnati area near the end of the 19th century.