The Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) is a goodness-of-fit indicator widely used in the hydrologic sciences for comparing simulations to observations.
It was created by hydrologic scientists Harald Kling and Hoshin Vijai Gupta.
[1] Its creators intended for it to improve upon widely used metrics such as the coefficient of determination and the Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient.
are defined as follows: where: and where: A modified version, KGE', was proposed by Kling et al. in 2012.
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