Nationalism (Mínzú) Democracy (Mínquán) Socialism (Mínshēng) The Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (Vietnamese: [vìət naːm kwə́wk zən ɗa᷉ːŋ]; chữ Hán: 越南國民黨; lit.

Some remaining factions sought peaceful means of struggle, while other groups fled across the border to Kuomintang bases in the Yunnan province of China, where they received arms and training.

Vietnam was occupied by Japan during World War II and, in the chaos that followed the Japanese surrender in 1945, the VNQDĐ and the ICP briefly joined forces in the fight for Vietnamese independence.

[5][6] Hoc had previously tried to initiate peaceful reforms by making written submissions to the French authorities, but these were ignored, and his attempt to foster policy change through the publication of a magazine never materialized due to the refusal of a license.

As a result, they became aware of French ideals such as Liberté, égalité, fraternité, republicanism and democracy, which sharply contrasted to the racial inequality and stratified system of the colonial elite ruling the masses in Vietnam.

[9] The Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (VNQDĐ) was formed at a meeting in Hanoi on December 25, 1927, with Nguyen Thai Hoc as the party's first leader.

[8] In a bid for moderation, the final statement was a compromise that read: The aim and general line of the party is to make a national revolution, to use military force to overthrow the feudal colonial system, to set up a democratic republic of Vietnam.

[8]A manifesto released in February 1930 showed that the VNQDĐ heavily based its rhetoric on appealing to resentment against the system of racial inequality and the French imposition of capitalism.

Also like the KMT, the VNQDĐ's revolutionary strategy envisaged a military takeover, followed by a period of political training for the population before a constitutional government could take control.

[21] According to the historian Cecil B. Currey, "The VNQDĐ's lower-class origins made it, in many ways, closer to the labouring poor than were the Communists, many of whom…[were] from established middle-class families.

"[25] At the time, the two other notable nationalist organisations were the communists and the New Vietnam Revolutionary Party, and although they had different visions of a post-independence nation, both competed with the VNQDĐ in attracting the support of the small, educated, urban class.

[27] Another view is that the senior VNQDĐ leaders felt that killing Bazin was necessary so that the party would appear to be relevant to workers involved in industry or commerce, given that the communists had begun to target this demographic for their recruitment drives.

[28] Perturbed by those who betrayed fellow members to the French and the problems this behaviour caused, Học convened a meeting to tighten regulations in mid-1929 at the village of Lạc Đạo, along the Gia Lâm-Haiphong railway.

[29] The plan was to provoke a series of uprisings at military posts around the Red River Delta in early 1930, where VNQDĐ forces would join Vietnamese soldiers in an attack on the two major northern cities of Hanoi and Haiphong.

[34] Aware of the events in the upper delta region, Phó Đức Chính fled and abandoned a planned attack on the Sơn Tây garrison, but he was captured a few days later by French authorities.

[33] On February 10, a VNQDĐ member injured a policeman at a Hanoi checkpoint; at night, Arts students threw bombs at government buildings, which they regarded as part of the repressive power of the colonial state.

[34] On the night of February 15–16, Học and his remaining forces seized the nearby villages of Phụ Dực and Vĩnh Bảo, in Thái Bình and Hải Dương provinces respectively, for a few hours.

The remainder of the VNQDĐ was paralysed by infighting and began losing political relevance, with only moderate activity until the outbreak of World War II and Japan's invasion of French Indochina in 1940.

[42] The pro-VNQDĐ nationalist Hồ Ngọc Lâm, a KMT army officer and former disciple of Phan Bội Châu,[43] was named as the deputy of Phạm Văn Đồng, later to be Ho's Prime Minister.

General Zhang shrewdly blocked the Communists of Vietnam, and Ho Chi Minh from entering the league, as his main goal was Chinese influence in Indochina.

[56] Giáp, the Vietminh's military chief, called the VNQDĐ a "group of reactionaries plotting to rely on Chiang Kai-Shek's Kuomintang and their rifle barrels to snatch a few crumbs".

[60] The OSS agent Archimedes Patti, who was based in Kunming and northern Vietnam, reported that the VNQDĐ were "hopelessly disoriented politically" and felt that they had no idea of how to run a government.

[63] Ho scheduled elections for December 23, but he made a deal with the VNQDĐ and the Đồng Minh Hội, which assured them of 50 and 20 seats in the new national assembly respectively, regardless of the poll results.

[58] After driving the VNQDĐ out of their Hanoi headquarters on Ôn Như Hầu Street, Giáp ordered his agents to construct an underground torture chamber on the premises.

A small group of VNQDĐ fighters escaped Giáp's assault and retreated to a mountainous enclave along the Sino-Vietnamese border, where they declared themselves to be the government of Vietnam, with little effect.

[74] After Vietnam gained independence in 1954, the Geneva Accords partitioned the country into a communist north and an anti-communist south, but stipulated that there were to be 300 days of free passage between the two zones.

[78] In February 1962, two Republic of Vietnam Air Force pilots, Nguyễn Văn Cử—son of a prominent VNQDĐ leader—and Phạm Phú Quốc, bombed the Independence Palace in a bid to kill Diệm and his family, but their targets escaped unharmed.

[88] By 1965, their members had managed to infiltrate and take over the Peoples Action Teams (PATs), irregular paramilitary counter-insurgency forces organised by Australian Army advisers to fight the communists, and used them for their own purposes.

Members of the VNQDĐ made alliances with Catholics, collected arms, and engaged in pro-war street clashes with the Buddhists, forcing elements of the ARVN to intervene to stop them.

[92][93] On April 19, clashes erupted in Quảng Ngãi Province between the Buddhists and the VNQDĐ, prompting the local ARVN commander Tôn Thất Đính to forcibly restrain the two groups.