After completing his primary and secondary education in Neumarkt, he received a scholarship to study natural sciences in Nuremberg with a specialization in zoology and botany.
In 1882, he was awarded a scholarship that allowed him to study for a short period at the Institute of Zoology at the University of Naples.
His eldest son, Erhard Hiltner (born 1893), continued his research, notably publishing in 1929 a second edition of his book Pflanzenschutz nach Monaten geordnet (Plant Protection Organized by Months).
In 1885, he became the assistant of, an expert in seed quality control at the Tharandt Plant Physiology Research Station.
[5] At the same time, Hiltner prepared a thesis on "the diseases of plants of horticultural and agronomic interest caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea and their treatment," which he presented in 1892 at the University of Erlangen, earning him a doctorate.