[5] The M protein, as a major virulence factor of GAS, has been a focal point for developing novel therapeutic strategies aimed at combating streptococcal infections.
In this context, immunomodulatory agents, including intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), have shown promise in mitigating the inflammatory response associated with severe GAS infections, although their efficacy in targeting M protein specifically remains to be fully elucidated.
Furthermore, efforts have been made to enhance vaccine efficacy by incorporating conserved epitopes of M protein or employing novel adjuvants to boost immune responses.
These include the identification of highly conserved epitopes capable of eliciting protective immune responses across diverse GAS strains, as well as addressing potential autoimmunity associated with molecular mimicry between M protein and host tissues, particularly in the context of rheumatic fever.
By leveraging advances in immunology, vaccinology, and molecular biology, researchers are poised to overcome existing challenges and realize the potential of M protein-based interventions in combating this significant public health threat.