Its course flows in the municipalities of Dudswell (MRC Le Haut-Saint-François Regional County Municipality and Saint-Camille, in the Les Sources Regional County Municipality (MRC), in the administrative region of Estrie, in Quebec, in Canada.

The main neighboring hydrographic slopes of the Madeleine River are: The Madeleine River feeds from various agricultural and forest streams in an area south-east of the village of Saint-Camille.

This head area is located southeast of the village of Saint-Camille, on the northeast side of rue Desrivières and northwest of chemin du ninth and tenth rank.

Its confluence is located 1.6 kilometres (0.99 mi) upstream of the second and third rang road bridge, which is located at the intermunicipal limit of Wotton and Saint-Camille.

The toponym "Rivière Madeleine" was formalized on March 19, 1979, at the Commission de toponymie du Québec.