Located in northeastern Butler County, just west of Middletown, it had a population of 8,556 people as of the 2020 census.

It is named for James Madison, president of the United States at the time of its creation in 1810, and is one of twenty Madison Townships statewide.

[citation needed] The first election for township officers was on May 19, 1810.

[citation needed] The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1.

The major roads are State Routes 4 (a main road from Cincinnati to Dayton via Middletown), 122 (which links Lebanon to Middletown), and 744.