He served as Governor of Tehran, Member of Parliament, and Minister of Post and Telegraph.

He wrote many articles and books, and also translated Machiavelli's "Principe" into Persian.

His most extensive work was a volume series titled The Political Relations of Iran and Britain in the 19th Century.

Iran in the Past Three Centuries (Irān dar Se Qarn-e Goz̲ashteh, Volumes 1 and 2 (Paktāb Publishing, Tehran).

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